Method and apparatus to control warm-up of an exhaust aftertreatment system for a hybrid powertrain

ABSTRACT

An internal combustion engine is controlled to achieve a preferred temperature of the exhaust aftertreatment system and to minimize a total engine energy loss. A transmission is controlled to achieve a torque output based upon the preferred engine operation.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/985,980 filed on Nov. 7, 2007 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure pertains generally to control systems for hybrid powertrain systems.

BACKGROUND

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.

Powertrain control systems, including hybrid powertrain architectures, operate to meet operator demands for performance, e.g., torque and acceleration. The operator demands for performance are balanced against other operator requirements and regulations, e.g., fuel economy and emissions. The balance of operator demands for performance against other operator requirements and regulations can be accomplished by quantifying engine power losses associated with specific operating conditions during ongoing operation.

Known systems to determine instantaneous engine power losses utilize pre-calibrated tables stored in on-board computers to determine losses based upon measured operating conditions during operation. Such systems consume substantial amounts of computer memory. The memory space is further compounded by engine operating modes, e.g., cylinder deactivation. Such systems are not able to accommodate variations in operating conditions, including engine warm-up and warm-up of exhaust aftertreatment systems.

SUMMARY

A method of controlling an internal combustion engine fluidly connected to an exhaust aftertreatment system and operatively connected to a transmission to transmit tractive power to a driveline includes monitoring ambient operating conditions and engine operating conditions, and determining a temperature of the exhaust aftertreatment system. A preferred engine operation to achieve a preferred temperature of the exhaust aftertreatment system and to minimize a total energy loss during an engine operating cycle is determined. The engine is controlled to the preferred engine operation and the transmission is controlled to achieve a torque output based upon the preferred engine operation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more embodiments will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary architecture for a powertrain and a control system, in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction, in accordance with the present disclosure; and

FIG. 3 is a graphical depiction, in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to the drawings, wherein the showings are for the purpose of illustrating certain exemplary embodiments only and not for the purpose of limiting the same, FIG. 1 depicts a schematic diagram of an exemplary powertrain and control system operative to execute control routines. The powertrain comprises an internal combustion engine 14 and first and second electric machines (‘MG-A’) 56 and (‘MG-B’) 72. The internal combustion engine 14 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 each generate power transmitted via the transmission 10 to an output member 64, e.g., a driveline for a vehicle (not shown). The power generated by the engine 14 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 and transmitted to the transmission 10 is characterized and described in terms of input torques, referred to herein as Ti, T_(A), and T_(B), respectively, and speed, referred to herein as Ni, N_(A), and N_(B), respectively.

The exemplary engine 14 comprises a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine selectively operative in several states to transmit power to the transmission via an input member 12, e.g., a rotating shaft. The engine 14 can be either a spark-ignition or a compression-ignition engine. The engine 14 includes a crankshaft operatively coupled to the input member 12 of the transmission 10. A rotational speed sensor monitors rotational speed of the input member 12. The engine is monitored and controlled by an engine control module 23 (hereafter ‘ECM’). An engine operating point, comprising an engine rotational speed, N_(E), and an output torque, T_(E), is indicative of power output of the engine. The engine operating point can differ from the input speed, Ni, and the input torque, Ti, to the transmission 10 due to placement of torque-consuming components on the input shaft 12 between the engine 14 and the transmission 10, e.g., a hydraulic pump and/or a torque management device.

The engine 14 is fluidly connected to an exhaust aftertreatment system 16 (hereafter ‘catalyst’) comprising one or more devices adapted to oxidize and/or reduce (i.e. convert) engine exhaust gas feedstream constituents and/or trap and combust particulate matter. Exemplary exhaust gas feedstream constituents of interest can include hydrocarbons (hereafter ‘HC’), carbon monoxide (hereafter ‘CO’), nitrides of oxygen (hereafter ‘NO_(X)’), and particulate matter (hereafter ‘PM’). The device(s) of the catalyst 16 are configured to operate within conditions characterized by preferred ranges of temperature and flowrates at which conversion efficiency of one or more of HC, CO, NOx, and PM can be optimized. When the catalyst 16 is exposed to and achieves temperatures that are below the preferred operating temperature range, one result can include inefficient conversion of the exhaust gas constituents, including inefficient oxidation of HC and CO, reduction of NOx, and incomplete combustion of PM. When the catalyst 16 is exposed to and achieves temperatures that are greater than the preferred operating range, one result can include thermal damage. One exemplary catalyst 16, comprising a three-way catalytic converter, has a light-off temperature of about 300° C., and a preferred operating temperature less than about 600° C.

Engine operation is described in terms of the engine operating point, and engine operating modes and engine states in which the engine can be selectively operated. The engine operating modes include air/fuel ratio operation at one of a stoichiometric operating mode and a rich operating mode. The air/fuel ratio operation may additionally include a lean operating mode, e.g., when the engine is a operating as a compression-ignition engine. The engine operating modes also include engine temperature management comprising a catalyst warm-up mode and a warmed-up catalyst mode, which is typically based upon temperature of the catalyst 16. For the exemplary catalyst 16, the warm-up mode is executed when temperature of the catalyst 16 is less than about 300° C., and the warmed-up mode is executed when the catalyst temperature at or above 600° C.

The engine warm-up mode includes engine operating control routines comprising retarding spark ignition timing (when the engine comprises a spark-ignition engine) or retarding fuel injection timing (when the engine comprises a compression-ignition engine) during engine operation after starting to increase combustion heat generated by the engine. The increased heat generated during combustion can be transferred to the aftertreatment system 16. The engine states comprise a normal engine state and a cylinder deactivation state. In the normal engine state, all the engine cylinders are fueled and fired. In the cylinder deactivation state, typically half of the cylinders, e.g., one bank of a V-configured engine, are deactivated. A bank of cylinders is typically deactivated by discontinuing fuel injection thereto and deactivating valves.

The first and second electric machines 56 and 72 each comprises a three-phase AC electric machine having a rotor rotatable within a stator. An electrical energy storage device (hereafter ‘ESD’) 74 is high voltage DC-coupled to a transmission power inverter module (hereafter ‘TPIM’) 19 via DC transfer conductors 27. The TPIM 19 is an element of the control system.

The exemplary transmission 10 preferably comprises a device including the input member 12 operatively coupled to the crankshaft of the engine 14, one or more planetary gear sets, one or more torque-transmitting devices (e.g. clutches, brakes), and the output member 64. The stators of each of the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 are grounded to a case of the transmission 10, and the rotors are operatively coupled to rotating elements of the planetary gear sets to transmit torque thereto. An element of one of the planetary gear sets is operatively coupled to the input member 12, and an element of one of the planetary gear sets is operatively coupled to the output member 64. The transmission 10 receives input power from the torque-generative devices, including the engine 14 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72 as a result of, respectively, energy conversion from fuel or electrical potential stored in the ESD 74.

The control system described herein comprises a subset of an overall vehicle control architecture, and provides coordinated system control of the exemplary powertrain. The control system synthesizes pertinent information and inputs, and executes algorithms to control various actuators to achieve control targets of, for example, fuel economy, emissions, performance, driveability, and protection of hardware, including batteries of ESD 74 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72. The distributed control module system includes the ECM 23, a transmission control module (hereafter ‘TCM’) 17, a battery pack control module (hereafter ‘BPCM’) 21, and the TPIM 19. A hybrid control module (hereafter ‘HCP’) 5 provides supervisory control and coordination of the ECM 23, the TCM 17, the BPCM 21, and the TPIM 19. A user interface (‘UT’) 13 is operatively connected to a plurality of devices through which a vehicle operator controls or directs operation of the electro-mechanical hybrid powertrain. The devices include an accelerator pedal 113 (‘AP’) from which an operator torque request is determined, an operator brake pedal 112 (‘BP’), a transmission gear selector 114 (‘PRNDL’), and, a vehicle speed cruise control (not shown). The transmission gear selector 114 may have a discrete number of operator-selectable positions to enable one of a forward and a reverse direction of the output member 64.

The ECM 23 is operably connected to the engine 14, and functions to acquire data from a variety of sensors and control a variety of actuators, respectively, of the engine 14 over a plurality of discrete lines collectively shown as aggregate line 35. The ECM 23 monitors engine operating conditions, comprising monitoring inputs from various engine sensing devices and engine operation to determine engine speed (RPM), engine load (Brake Torque, N-m), barometric pressure, and, engine coolant temperature. Engine sensing devices operative to monitor engine operating conditions comprise a crankshaft sensor from which the ECM 23 determines the engine speed, N_(E) (RPM) and, a mass air flow sensor, which the ECM utilizes in determining the engine torque, T_(E), or load (e.g., NMEP in N-m). Engine load is also determinable from monitoring operator input to the accelerator pedal 113. Engine sensing devices further include a coolant temperature sensor from which the ECM 23 monitors engine temperature, and an exhaust gas sensor from which the ECM 23 monitors the exhaust gas feedstream, e.g., air/fuel ratio, temperature, or exhaust constituents. The ECM 23 monitors engine operating conditions, including the engine speed (RPM), the load (brake torque or NMEP in N-m), barometric pressure, coolant temperature, and the exhaust gas, e.g., air/fuel ratio. The engine air/fuel ratio can be measured directly with a sensor or estimated based upon engine operating conditions. The ECM 23 is operative to estimate a temperature of the catalyst 16 based upon the engine operating conditions. Alternatively, one or more temperature sensing devices can be adapted to monitor temperature of one of the elements of the exhaust aftertreatment system 16. The ECM 23 generates and communicates command signals to control engine actuators, including, e.g., fuel injectors, ignition modules, and throttle control modules.

The TCM 17 is operably connected to the transmission 10 and functions to acquire data from a variety of sensors and provide command signals to the transmission 10, including monitoring inputs from pressure switches and selectively actuating pressure control solenoids and shift solenoids to actuate clutches to achieve various transmission operating modes. The BPCM 21 is signally connected to one or more sensors operable to monitor electrical current or voltage parameters of the ESD 74 to provide information about the state of the batteries to the HCP 5. Such information includes battery state-of-charge (‘SOC’), battery voltage, amp-hour throughput, and available battery power.

The TPIM 19 transmits electrical power to and from the first electric machine 56 by transfer conductors 29, and the TPIM 19 similarly transmits electrical power to and from the second electric machine 72 by transfer conductors 31, in response to motor torque commands for the first and second electric machines 56 and 72. Electrical current is transmitted to and from the ESD 74 in accordance with whether the ESD 74 is being charged or discharged. TPIM 19 includes a pair of power inverters and respective motor control modules configured to receive motor control commands and control inverter states therefrom for providing motor drive or regeneration functionality.

Each of the aforementioned control modules preferably comprises a general-purpose digital computer generally including a microprocessor or central processing unit, storage mediums comprising random access memory, non-volatile memory, e.g., read only memory and electrically programmable read only memory, a high speed clock, analog to digital and digital to analog conversion circuitry, and input/output circuitry and devices and appropriate signal conditioning and buffer circuitry. Each control module has a set of control algorithms, comprising machine-executable code and calibrations resident in the read only memory and executable to provide the respective functions of each control module. Each of the aforementioned control modules communicates with other control modules, sensors, and actuators via a local area network (‘LAN’) bus 6. The LAN bus 6 allows for structured communication of control parameters and commands between the various control modules. The specific communication protocol utilized is application-specific. The LAN bus and appropriate protocols provide for robust messaging and multi-control module interfacing between the aforementioned control modules, and other control modules providing functionality such as antilock brakes, traction control, and vehicle stability.

Algorithms for control and state estimation in each of the control modules are typically executed during preset loop cycles such that each algorithm is executed at least once each loop cycle. Algorithms stored in the non-volatile memory devices are executed by respective ones of the central processing units and are operable to monitor inputs from the sensing devices and execute control and diagnostic routines to control operation of the respective devices, using preset calibrations. Loop cycles are typically executed at regular intervals, for example each 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 milliseconds during ongoing engine and vehicle operation. Alternatively, algorithms may be executed in response to occurrence of an event.

During an engine operating cycle, i.e., a period of engine operation from an engine start to subsequent engine stop, the control modules execute control routines to monitor and control the engine 14, including controlling the engine operation and operation of the electro-mechanical transmission 10 to minimize a total energy loss by optimizing a total power loss and effect warm-up of the engine 14 and the catalyst 16. This comprises executing control routines to monitor ambient operating conditions, the engine operating conditions, and powertrain operating conditions. The ambient operating conditions comprise an ambient temperature and a barometric pressure, preferably monitored with sensing devices on the vehicle. Vehicle operation is monitored including determining the temperature of the catalyst 16. When the control routine determines that the catalyst 16 is below a preferred temperature, e.g., during a cold start operating cycle, the control routine identifies a preferred engine operation to achieve the preferred temperature while minimizing the total energy loss. Operation of the engine 14 is controlled to achieve the preferred temperature of the catalyst 16. The electro-mechanical transmission 10 is controlled to achieve a torque output based upon the preferred engine operation and the operator torque request, among other factors. The preferred engine operation to achieve the preferred temperature and minimize the total energy loss includes estimating a future energy loss and determining a power loss and a rate of change in the estimated future energy loss, and determining the preferred engine operation to minimize the power loss and the rate of change in the estimated future energy loss. The control routine includes algorithms in the form of machine-executable code preferably stored in a non-volatile memory device of one of the control modules, e.g., the HCP 5. The HCP 5 executes a control routine which estimates a future energy loss for the engine operating cycle, and determines a current power loss and a time-rate of change in the estimated future energy loss for the engine operating cycle over ranges of the engine operation.

The current total power loss (‘P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT)’) includes power losses through the electro-mechanical transmission 10 and the first and second electric machines 56 and 72, also referred to herein as P_(LOSS) _(—) _(OTHER), and the engine power loss, also referred to herein as P_(LOSS) _(—) _(ENG). The engine power loss comprises an estimate of the power loss for the engine 14 at that period in time, at the current engine operation, under the current engine operating conditions. This includes monitoring and determining the engine operating conditions and the engine operation to determine an instantaneous power loss, comprising a nominal engine power loss (‘P_(LOSS) _(—) _(ENG) _(—) _(NOM)’) for the engine operating point and a power loss correction, also referred to herein as ΔP_(LOSS ENG).

The nominal engine power loss, P_(LOSS) _(—) _(ENG) _(—) _(NOM), is determined using Eq. 1 set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {P_{{LOSS}\;\_\;{ENG}\;\_\;{NOM}} = {{{\overset{.}{m}}_{EMISS} \times \left( \frac{P_{ENG}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{EMISS}} \right)_{M\;{AX}}} - P_{ENG}}} & \lbrack 1\rbrack \end{matrix}$ wherein {dot over (m)}_(EMISS) comprises the rate of emissions generated, e.g., grams of hydrocarbon for the current engine operating conditions. The term

$\left( \frac{P_{ENG}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{EMISS}} \right)_{M\;{AX}}$ is a constant term, derived for a specific engine design, representing a maximized engine power for a rate of emissions generation, e.g., KW-s per gram of hydrocarbon, (kW/(g/s)). An engine power term, P_(ENG), comprises the actual power produced by the engine. The difference between the two terms determines the nominal engine power loss, P_(LOSS) _(—) _(ENG) _(—) _(NOM).

System optimization for emissions performance is balanced against operation to warm-up the engine 14 and the catalyst 16, to achieve a minimum total energy loss over the engine operating cycle. To minimize fuel consumption and exhaust emissions over the engine operating cycle, the optimization routine determines the future energy loss during the cycle.

The future energy loss, also referred to herein as E_(LOSS) _(—) _(FUTURE), comprises the amount of energy required to complete the engine operating cycle based upon what the present operating conditions as shown by Eq. 2 set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {E_{{LOSS}\_{FUTURE}} = {\int_{t}^{t_{MAX}}{P_{{LOSS}\_{TOT}}{\mathbb{d}t}}}} & \lbrack 2\rbrack \end{matrix}$

The limits on the integral range from current time, t, to a maximum time, t_(MAX) during the engine operating cycle. During operation, as time t increases, the value of the integral decreases, i.e., less energy is required to warm up the catalyst 16 to a preferred temperature, e.g., 600° C. This is depicted graphically with reference to FIG. 3, described hereinbelow.

Minimizing the total energy loss comprises operating the engine to minimize the energy loss during the remainder of the engine operating cycle, e.g., until temperature of the catalyst 16 reaches the preferred temperature, e.g., 600° C., or another temperature determined based upon design and operating characteristics of the catalyst 16. The optimization described herein is based upon the total system power loss. The total system power loss includes predetermined calibrations which prevent overcharging the ESD 74 and determine costs for using the first and second electric machines 56 and 72. This allows the system to change engine load based on the operator torque request. During operation in the catalyst warm-up mode, the electric machines are operated to keep engine load in an optimum range.

Eq. 2 can be rewritten to express the future energy loss as follows, in Eq. 3 set forth below. E _(LOSS FUTURE)(t,T _(CAT))=P _(LOSS TOT)(t,T _(CAT))×Δt+E _(LOSS FUTURE)(t+Δt,T _(CAT) +ΔT _(CAT))  [3] wherein T_(CAT) comprises the temperature of the catalyst 16. This can be reduced to Eq. 4 as set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{\left( {{- \Delta}\; E_{{LOSS}\mspace{14mu}{FUTURE}}} \right)_{T_{CAT} = {Const}}}{\Delta\; t} = {P_{{LOSS}\;\_\;{TOT}} + \frac{\left( {\Delta\; E_{{LOSS}\mspace{14mu}{FUTURE}}} \right)_{t + {\Delta\; t}}}{\Delta\; t}}} & \lbrack 4\rbrack \end{matrix}$

Minimizing the total energy loss can be accomplished by minimizing the power loss and the rate of change in the future energy loss. The derivation of Eq. 4, above, can be expressed in continuous form as partial derivatives, as set forth below in Eq. 5.

$\begin{matrix} {{- \frac{\partial E}{\partial t}} = {P_{{LOSS}\;\_\;{TOT}} + {\frac{\partial E}{\partial T_{COOL}} \cdot \frac{\mathbb{d}T_{COOL}}{\mathbb{d}t}} + {\frac{\partial E}{\partial T_{CAT}} \cdot \frac{\mathbb{d}T_{CAT}}{\mathbb{d}t}}}} & \lbrack 5\rbrack \end{matrix}$ wherein the partial derivatives are derived for changes in energy based upon coolant temperature and based upon temperature of the catalyst 16.

The

$\frac{\partial E}{\partial T_{CAT}}$ term comprises a precalibrated rated factor stored as an array in memory and is determined based upon engine operating time and catalyst temperature ranging from cold, e.g., 0° C. to warmed up, e.g., 600° C. The

$\frac{\partial E}{\partial T_{COOL}}$ term comprises a precalibrated factor stored as an array in memory and determined as a function of engine operating time and coolant temperature, using discrete coolant temperatures, ranging from cold, e.g., −30° C., to warmed up, e.g., 90° C. The calibration values for the engine 14 are preferably developed using a standardized engine and vehicle test procedure. The term

$\frac{\mathbb{d}T_{CAT}}{\mathbb{d}t}$ comprises a precalibrated polynomial equation for a change in temperature of the catalyst 16 based upon time for the specific vehicle and system application. There is a plurality of polynomial equations for the

$\frac{\mathbb{d}T_{CAT}}{\mathbb{d}t}$ term, selected during ongoing operation based upon the engine states comprising normal engine operation and engine operation with deactivated cylinders. Furthermore, there are polynomial equations developed for discrete catalyst temperatures, ranging from cold, e.g., 0° C., to warmed up, e.g., 600° C., and above. The polynomial equations are preferably developed using heat rejection data and a thermal model of the engine 14 to predict warm-up rate of the catalyst 16. The rate of change in the estimated future energy loss during the catalyst warm-up mode is determined by calculating the rate of change in the future energy loss based upon Eq. 5, above, and determining an engine operating point which comprises a minimum system power loss, P_(LOSS) _(—) _(FINAL), or

${- \frac{\partial E}{\partial t}},$ based upon a combination of instantaneous power loss and rate of change in the future energy loss.

The nominal engine power loss, P_(LOSS) _(—) _(ENG) _(—) _(NOM), is determined based upon the engine operating point. The nominal engine power loss is preferably determined during each 50 millisecond engine loop cycle, from a predetermined calibration table, determined for the engine 14 operating over a range of engine speed and load conditions under nominal engine operating conditions for temperature, barometric pressure and stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. The emissions power loss is evaluated using a nine-term polynomial equation with a correction based upon temperature of the catalyst 16, as described herein. To accurately evaluate the nominal engine power loss, emissions generation is estimated across all speeds and loads across an allowable range of engine operating conditions. Changes in coolant temperature or barometric pressure can significantly affect the estimated fuel consumption. To account for changes in the nominal power loss due to engine operation at non-standard engine operating conditions, the engine power loss correction, ΔP_(LOSS ENG), is added to the nominal engine power loss P_(LOSS ENG), as depicted and described in Eq. 15, hereinbelow.

The engine power loss correction, ΔP_(LOSS ENG), is calculated based upon the ambient operating conditions and the engine operating conditions. A plurality of polynomial equations are reduced to program code and ongoingly executed to calculate the power loss correction and the future energy loss correction, based upon the engine operating conditions, the engine operation, and the ambient operating conditions, as described herein. The power loss correction is determined based upon the input speed, Ni, and the input torque, Ti. Each power loss correction and future energy loss correction is determined with reference to Eq. 6 set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta\; P_{{LOSS}\mspace{14mu}{ENG}}} = {{C\; 0} + {C\; 1 \times {Ti}} + {C\; 2 \times {Ti}^{2}} + {C\; 3 \times {Ni}} + {C\; 4 \times {Ni} \times {Ti}} + {C\; 5 \times {Ni} \times {Ti}^{2}} + {C\; 6 \times {Ni}^{2}} + {C\; 7 \times {Ni}^{2} \times {Ti}} + {C\; 8 \times {Ni}^{2} \times {Ti}^{2}}}} & \lbrack 6\rbrack \end{matrix}$

The engine power loss correction, ΔP_(LOSS ENG), comprises a sum of a plurality of polynomial equations described with reference to Eqs. 7-14, as follows.

A power loss related to supplemental fuel necessary for stable engine operation under the current operating conditions is preferably calculated using Eq. 7, as set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {{\beta_{1}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)} \times \left\lbrack {{{\overset{.}{m}}_{FUEL} \times \left( \frac{P_{ENG}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{FUEL}} \right)_{M\;{AX}}} - P_{ENG}} \right\rbrack} & \lbrack 7\rbrack \end{matrix}$ wherein {dot over (m)}_(FUEL) is the fuel flow rate, and

$\left( \frac{P_{ENG}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{FUEL}} \right)_{M\;{AX}}$ is the maximum power for the fuel flow rate for the engine 14, T_(CAT) comprises temperature of the catalyst 16, and t comprises elapsed time for the current engine operating cycle.

A power loss related to fueling to optimize HC emissions is preferably calculated using Eq. 8, as set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {{\beta_{2}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)} \times \left\lbrack {{{\overset{.}{m}}_{{HC}\mspace{14mu}{EMIS}} \times \left( \frac{P_{ENG}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{{HC}\mspace{14mu}{EMIS}}} \right)_{M\;{AX}}} - P_{ENG}} \right\rbrack} & \lbrack 8\rbrack \end{matrix}$ wherein {dot over (m)}_(HC EMIS) is a fuel flow rate for HC emissions, and

$\left( \frac{P_{ENG}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{{HC}\mspace{14mu}{EMIS}}} \right)_{M\;{AX}}$ is the maximum power for the fuel flow rate for optimized HC emissions for the engine 14.

A power loss related to fueling to optimize NO_(x) emissions is preferably calculated using Eq. 9, as set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {{\beta_{3}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)} \times \left\lbrack {{{\overset{.}{m}}_{{NOx}\mspace{14mu}{EMIS}} \times \left( \frac{P_{ENG}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{{NOx}\mspace{14mu}{EMIS}}} \right)_{M\;{AX}}} - P_{ENG}} \right\rbrack} & \lbrack 9\rbrack \end{matrix}$ wherein {dot over (m)}_(NOx EMIS) is a fuel flowrate for NOx emissions, and

$\left( \frac{P_{ENG}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{{NOx}\mspace{14mu}{EMIS}}} \right)_{M\;{AX}}$ is a maximum power for the fuel flow rate for optimized NOx emissions for the engine 14.

The future energy loss related to fueling to effect coolant and engine oil warm-up is preferably calculated using Eq. 10, as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{\beta_{4}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)} \times \frac{\mathbb{d}{E_{FUEL}\left( {t,T_{COOL}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}T_{COOL}} \times \frac{\mathbb{d}{T_{COOL}\left( {{Ni},{Ti},T_{COOL}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}t}} & \lbrack 10\rbrack \end{matrix}$

The future energy loss related to fueling to effect catalyst warm-up to meet HC emissions is preferably calculated using Eq. 11, as set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {{\beta_{5}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)} \times \frac{\mathbb{d}{E_{HC}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}T_{CAT}} \times \frac{\mathbb{d}{T_{CAT}\left( {{Ni},{Ti},T_{CAT}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}t}} & \lbrack 11\rbrack \end{matrix}$

The future energy loss related to fueling to effect catalyst warm-up to meet NO_(x) emissions is preferably calculated using Eq. 12, as set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {{\beta_{6}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)} \times \frac{\mathbb{d}{E_{NOx}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}T_{CAT}} \times \frac{\mathbb{d}{T_{CAT}\left( {{Ni},{Ti},T_{CAT}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}t}} & \lbrack 12\rbrack \end{matrix}$

The future energy loss related to fueling to prevent catalyst over-temperature operation is preferably calculated using Eq. 13, as set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {{\beta_{7}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)} \times \frac{\mathbb{d}{T_{CAT}\left( {{Ni},{Ti},T_{CAT}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}t}} & \lbrack 13\rbrack \end{matrix}$

The future energy loss related to fueling to prevent engine over-temperature operation is preferably calculated using Eq. 14, as set forth below.

$\begin{matrix} {{\beta_{8}\left( {t,T_{CAT},T_{COOL}} \right)} \times \frac{\mathbb{d}{T_{COOL}\left( {{Ni},{Ti},T_{COOL}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}t}} & \lbrack 14\rbrack \end{matrix}$

The terms in Eqs. 7-14 are precalibrated and stored as arrays in one of the memory devices of the HCP 5, based upon the engine and ambient operating conditions and the engine operation. The term T_(COOL) comprises the coolant temperature. The terms E_(FUEL), E_(HC), and E_(NOX) comprise energy losses related to supplemental fueling to meet HC and NO_(x) emissions. The

$\frac{\mathbb{d}{T_{COOL}\left( {{Ni},{Ti},T_{COOL}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}t}\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}\frac{\mathbb{d}{T_{CAT}\left( {{Ni},{Ti},T_{CAT}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}t}$ terms comprise precalibrated time-based changes in temperatures which vary with the input speed, torque, and corresponding temperature. The terms

$\frac{\mathbb{d}{E_{HC}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}T_{CAT}}\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu}\frac{\mathbb{d}{E_{NOx}\left( {t,T_{CAT}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}T_{CAT}}$ are precalibrated changes in energy based upon the temperature of the catalyst 16 which vary with elapsed time, t, and the temperature of the catalyst 16, and are preferably based on off-line energy loss calculations. The term

$\frac{\mathbb{d}{T_{COOL}\left( {{Ni},{Ti},T_{COOL}} \right)}}{\mathbb{d}t}$ comprises a time-rate change in coolant temperature based upon speed, load, and the coolant temperature.

The coefficients β₁-β₈ comprise weighting factors for the power loss equations, i.e., Eqs. 7-14, and are determined for the range of elapsed engine run times, t, for the engine operating cycle, and catalyst temperatures, T_(CAT), and coolant temperatures, T_(COOL). They are preferably calibrated and evaluated using a least squares curve fit using engine data. The coefficients are stored in calibration tables within ROM for various operating conditions and retrievable during the ongoing engine operation. Preferably, the coefficients are calibrated such that β₁+β₂+β₃=1, β₄+β₅+β₆=1, β₁=β₄, β₂=β₅, and β₃=β₆. The β₇ term is a subjective calibration used to penalize engine operation (speed and load) that increase the catalyst temperature when the catalyst temperature is high. Controlling the temperature of the catalyst 16 using this method reduces or eliminates a need for fuel enrichment conditions commonly used to reduce catalyst temperature. The β₈ term is a subjective calibration used to penalize engine operation (speed and load) that increase the coolant temperature when the coolant temperature is too high. Linear interpolation is used to determine the coefficients when the operating conditions are between table values.

Each of Eqs. 7-14 is executed in a form of Eq. 6, with specifically calibrated coefficients C0-C8, and the input speed, Ni, and the input torque, Ti. The coefficients C0-C8 for each of Eqs. 7-14 are preferably calibrated and evaluated using a least squares curve fit derived using engine data generated over the ranges of input speeds, Ni, and loads, Ti, during engine operation in the operating states and the operating modes. Thus, a set of coefficients C0-C8 are generated for the air/fuel ratio operating modes comprising each of the stoichiometric and the rich operating modes, e.g., an air/fuel ratio equivalence of 1.0 and 0.7, and for each of the engine temperature management modes comprising the warm-up and the warmed up modes. A set of coefficients C0-C8 are further generated for each of the normal engine state and the cylinder deactivation state. A set of coefficients C0-C8 are further derived for each of a standard and a low barometric pressure, e.g., 100 kPa and 70 kPa. The aforementioned sets of coefficients C0-C8 can be stored in arrays within one of the memory devices for each of the operating modes and engine states, for retrieval during ongoing operation. As described, there are eight sets of coefficients C0-C8 generated and stored. The addition of the polynomial equations for the engine power loss reflected in Eqs. 7-14 results in the power loss correction to the standard power loss calculation.

The polynomial coefficients C0-C8 are evaluated for each of Eqs. 7-14 during ongoing operation and then added to generate a single set of coefficients C0-C8 for use with Eq. 6, and updated at a relatively slow rate of once per second. The β₁-β₈ weighting factors determine the weighting between the different types of engine power loss, as described hereinbelow. The final polynomial equation is evaluated hundreds of times every second as an element of torque optimization routines. Determining a power loss at a specific engine operating condition can comprise determining power loss using equations described herein and interpolating therebetween to determine power loss at the real-time operating conditions.

The control routine determines the total engine power loss by summing the nominal power loss and power loss correction, as set forth below in Eq. 15. P _(LOSS) _(—) _(ENG) _(—) _(TOT) =P _(LOSS ENG) +ΔP _(LOSS ENG)  [15]

The nominal engine power loss is determined as described in Eq. 1, and the power loss correction is determined as described in Eq. 6 with coefficients C0-C8 determined by combining results from Eqs. 7-14, determined based upon the current engine operation and the engine and ambient operating conditions, as previously described. This operation permits including complex engine power loss characteristics to calculate a single engine power loss. The final C0-C8 coefficients to the polynomial equation of Eq. 6 are determined based on precalibrated factors and the β₁-β₈ weighting factors. This determination of the coefficients C0-C8 can be performed at a relatively slow update rate, e.g., once per second. The final polynomial equation is used in the optimization routine numerous times before the next update.

Thus, the total power loss P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT) can be determined as set forth below in Eq. 16. P _(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT) =P _(LOSS ENG) +ΔP _(LOSS ENG) +P _(LOSS) _(—) _(OTHER)  [16]

Referring now to FIG. 2, an exemplary minimization routine is depicted for determining the minimum total power loss, P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT) to minimize the total energy loss. The minimization routine is executed to determine a preferred engine operation to minimize the total engine power loss. The minimization routine preferably comprises execution of a two-dimensional search engine 260 which has been encoded in the HCP 5. The two-dimensional search engine 260 iteratively generates engine operating points ranging across allowable engine operating points. The engine operating points comprise the input speed and input torque [Ni, Ti]_(j) and the ranges are within minimum and maximum input speeds and input torques (‘NiMin’, ‘NiMax’, ‘TiMin’, ‘TiMax’). The minimum and maximum input speeds and input torques can comprise achievable input speeds and input torques, e.g., from engine idle operation to engine red-line operation, or may comprise a subset thereof wherein the ranges are limited for reasons related to operating characteristics such as noise, vibration, and harshness.

The generated engine operating points [Ni, Ti]_(j) are executed in an iterative loop 266. The subscript “j” refers to a specific iteration, and ranges in value from 1 to n. The quantity of iterations n can be generated by any one of a number of methods, either internal to the search engine, or as a part of the overall method. The iterative loop 266 comprises inputting each of the generated engine operating points [Ni, Ti]_(j) to a system equation 262, from which a value for the total power loss (P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT))_(j) is determined for the specific iteration. The system equation 262 comprises an algorithm which executes Eq. 16, above. In the engine operating cycle when it is determined that the temperature of the catalyst 16 is less than a preferred temperature, e.g., during a cold-start, β₂=1 as used in Eq. 8, and β₁=0 and β₃=0, β₅=1, and β₄=0 and β₆=0, and a set of the coefficients C0-C8 are derived as described hereinabove.

The total power loss (P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT))_(j) determined for the specific iteration is returned and captured, or analyzed, in the two-dimensional search engine 260 depending upon specifics thereof. The two-dimensional search engine 260 iteratively evaluates values for the total power loss, (P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT))_(j) and selects new values for [Ni, Ti] based upon feedback to search for a minimum total power loss. The two-dimensional search engine 260 identifies preferred values for [Ni, Ti] at a preferred power loss, i.e., a minimum total power loss, (P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT))_(j) derived from all the iteratively calculated values. The preferred total power loss and corresponding values for input speed and input torque [Ni, Ti, P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT)]_(pref) are output from the HCP 5 to the ECM 23. The ECM 23 converts the preferred input speed and input torque [Ni, Ti]_(pref) to a corresponding engine operating point comprising engine speed and torque [N_(E), T_(E)]_(pref), which the ECM 23 uses to control operation of the engine 14.

As previously mentioned, there is a plurality of executable power loss correction polynomial equations. In the exemplary embodiment, there are eight sets of polynomial equations, derived for combinations of engine operation comprising: air/fuel ratio control modes of rich and stoichiometric, i.e., an air/fuel equivalence ratio of about 0.7 (rich) and 1.0 (stoichiometry); the normal engine state and the cylinder deactivation state; and, engine operating temperature comprising the warm-up mode and the warmed-up mode, i.e., coolant temperature at or about 90° C. In operation, the engine system monitors ongoing operation, including engine speed (RPM), load (brake torque or NMEP in N-m), barometric pressure, coolant temperature, and air/fuel ratio.

Referring again to FIG. 3, performance results of operating the exemplary system during catalyst warm-up are depicted graphically. These results are based upon system modeling. The results depict temperature of the catalyst 16 for non-optimized engine operation (‘T_(CATALYST)’) and for optimized operation (‘T_(CAT) _(—) _(OPT)’), and depict the optimized total power loss, P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT) from Eq. 16, above, which results from operating the engine utilizing the optimized system described herein, to warm-up the catalyst 16 over a predetermined engine operating cycle. Also depicted is a total power loss for operation in a non-optimized mode. Future energy loss E_(LOSS FUTURE) is similarly plotted for operation of the optimized system (‘E_(LOSS) _(—) _(OPT)’), and for operation in of the non-optimized system (‘E_(LOSS)’). Operation in the optimized mode results in an initial greater total power loss P_(LOSS) _(—) _(TOT) for the optimized operation, during the period of time between ‘t’ and ‘t+Δt’. However, the overall energy cost to increase the temperature of the catalyst 16 results is reduced compared to the non-optimized operation during the period of time between ‘t’ and ‘t_(MAX)’, which is indicative of the catalyst 16 attaining a targeted temperature of 600° C.

In an exemplary operation, the control routine determines that the temperatures of the engine 14 and the catalyst 16 are at or near ambient temperature, indicating an engine operating cycle that includes warm-up of the catalyst 16. In this operating cycle, the β₂ factor used in Eq. 4 is initially set to 1, making β₁ and β₃ each equal 0 during initial operation. A preferred power loss is determined, and a preferred engine speed and preferred engine torque output are determined for the power loss. Engine power that is generated in excess of the operator torque request is absorbed by generating electric power that can be stored in the ESD 74. After a period of time, e.g., 1-2 seconds of operation, the β₂ factor is reduced and β₁ and β₃ are correspondingly increased, as temperature of the catalyst 16 increases and the need to compensate or adjust engine power to achieve emissions reduction lessens. This results in subsequent engine operation at a power loss level for minimized emissions.

An alternative embodiment comprises a hybrid powertrain system consisting of an engine and conventional transmission system, wherein the engine can be selectively deactivated and reactivated during a vehicle operating cycle, referred to as a belt-alternator-starter system. The control system described can be used to adjust and optimize the engine load using the electric machine.

The disclosure has described certain preferred embodiments and modifications thereto. Further modifications and alterations may occur to others upon reading and understanding the specification. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment(s) disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A method of controlling an internal combustion engine during an operating cycle, said engine fluidly connected to an exhaust aftertreatment system and operatively connected to a transmission to transmit tractive power to a driveline, the method comprising; monitoring ambient operating conditions and engine operating conditions; determining a temperature of the exhaust aftertreatment system; determining a preferred engine operation to achieve a preferred temperature of the exhaust aftertreatment system and to minimize a total energy loss during the engine operating cycle; controlling the engine to the preferred engine operation; and controlling the transmission to achieve a torque output based upon the preferred engine operation.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a preferred engine operation comprises: estimating a future energy loss; determining a total power loss and a rate of change in the estimated future energy loss; and wherein determining a preferred engine operation minimizes the total power loss and the rate of change in the estimated future energy loss.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: iteratively generating a plurality engine speed states and engine torque states, wherein determining a total power loss and a rate of change in the estimated future energy loss determines a corresponding plurality of total power loss and rate of change in the estimated future energy loss; and determining minimum ones of the plurality of total power loss and rate of change in the estimated future energy loss; wherein determining a preferred engine operation comprises determining the ones of the plurality of engine speed states and an engine torque states corresponding to the minimum ones of the plurality of total power loss and rate of change in the estimated future energy loss.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the preferred engine operation further comprises one of an all-cylinder operation and a cylinder-deactivation operation.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the preferred engine operation further comprises one of a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio operation and a rich air/fuel ratio operation.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein iteratively generating a plurality engine speed states and engine torque states comprise codes executing a two-dimensional search engine.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the total power loss includes an engine power loss and other powertrain losses.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the engine power loss comprises a nominal power loss and a power loss correction.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the power loss correction is based upon an engine air/fuel ratio mode, an engine cylinder activation state, and an engine operating temperature mode.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said transmission comprises an electro-mechanical transmission including first and second electric machines selectively operative to transmit torque to the transmission to generate the torque output.
 11. An article of manufacture, comprising: a computer-readable medium encoded with a program to control an internal combustion during an engine operating cycle, said engine fluidly connected to an exhaust aftertreatment system and operatively connected to a transmission to transmit tractive power to a driveline, the program comprising; code to monitor ambient operating conditions and engine operating conditions; code to determine a temperature of the exhaust aftertreatment system; code to determine a preferred engine operation to achieve a preferred temperature of the exhaust aftertreatment system and minimize a total energy loss during the engine operating cycle; and code to control the engine to the preferred engine operation.
 12. The article of manufacture of claim 11, wherein said code to determine a preferred engine operation comprises: code to estimate a future energy loss; code to determine a total power loss and a rate of change in the estimated future energy loss; and wherein the code to determine a preferred engine operation minimizes the total power loss and the rate of change in the estimated future energy loss.
 13. The article of manufacture of claim 12, further comprising: code to iteratively generate a plurality engine speed states and engine torque states, wherein the code to determine a total power loss and a rate of change in the estimated future energy loss determines a corresponding plurality of total power loss and rate of change in the estimated future energy loss; and code to determine minimum ones of the plurality of total power loss and rate of change in the estimated future energy loss; wherein the code to determine a preferred engine operation comprises code to determine the ones of the plurality of engine speed states and an engine torque states corresponding to the minimum ones of the plurality of total power loss and rate of change in the estimated future energy loss.
 14. The article of manufacture of claim 11, further comprising code to control the transmission to achieve a torque output based upon the preferred engine operation.
 15. The article of manufacture of claim 14, wherein said transmission comprises an electro-mechanical transmission including first and second electric machines selectively operative to transmit torque to the transmission to generate the torque output.
 16. An article of manufacture, comprising: a computer-readable medium encoded with a program to control an internal combustion engine during an engine operating cycle, said engine fluidly connected to an exhaust aftertreatment system and operatively connected to an electro-mechanical transmission, the program comprising: code to determine a preferred engine operation to achieve a preferred temperature of the exhaust aftertreatment system and minimize a total energy loss during the engine operating cycle; code to control the engine to the preferred engine operation; and code to control the electro-mechanical transmission to achieve a torque output based upon the preferred engine operation.
 17. The article of manufacture of claim 16, wherein said code to determine a preferred engine operation comprises: code to estimate a future energy loss for the engine operating cycle; code to determine a power loss and a rate of change in the estimated future energy loss; and wherein the code to determine a preferred engine operation minimizes the power loss and the rate of change in the estimated future energy loss.
 18. The article of manufacture of claim 17, wherein the code to determine the preferred engine operation to minimize the power loss and the rate of change in the estimated future energy loss comprises: code to iteratively generate a plurality of engine speed states and engine torque states, wherein the code to determine a power loss and a rate of change in the estimated future energy loss determines a corresponding plurality of power loss and rate of change in the estimated future energy; and code to determine the minimum ones of the plurality of power loss and rate of change in the estimated future energy loss; wherein the code to determine a preferred engine operation comprises code to determine the ones of the plurality of engine speed states and an engine torque states corresponding to the minimum ones of the plurality of power loss and rate of change in the estimated future energy loss.
 19. The article of manufacture of claim 18, wherein each of the plurality of rate of change in the estimated future energy is determined based upon a change in energy determined based upon a change in temperature of the exhaust aftertreatment system. 